By Master Gardener Sue Kowalchuk
While the appearance of robins is often cited as the
harbinger of spring, I would argue that the application of manure on the farm
fields is the true indication that spring is around the corner. During this year’s unrelenting cold and snowy
winter in eastern Pa, it was the sight of brown on the white, rolling fields
that comforted me that winter was coming to end.
Although manure is a commonly used soil amendment, the type
used, the amount, and the timing of the application are critical factors in
ensuring that it will be effective and safe. Both fresh and composted cattle, poultry, and
horse manure are typically utilized on farms and/or in home gardens. Application
can improve soil health and structure, as well as provide nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P) and potassium (K); essential nutrients for plant growth. The
amount of N, P, and K contained in each type of manure varies. The best type to use will depend upon
availability, percent of each nutrient in the specific manure and nutrient
needs of the plants being grown. Consequently, soil testing to determine
deficiencies and manure testing to determine nutrient content are good practices
to guarantee success. The amount applied
is also important. Too little will result in insufficient nutrients, too much
could leach into the groundwater, rivers, or streams and/or negatively impact
plant growth.
Fresh manure of all types has a higher nitrogen content,
with poultry having the highest. Some caution, however, is advised if choosing
to apply fresh manure. Not only can
fresh manure contain weed seeds (horse manure is the worse offender), but
pathogens, such as e.coli, or salmonella can be present. In addition, the higher nitrogen levels can
burn or kill plants. For these reasons, it is recommended that it be applied no
later than 3 months before planting, and up to 4 months for crops that come in
contact with the soil. For the home gardener, the safest practice is to apply
in the fall, or consider composted manure.
Composted manure has been aged for several months and could
also be mixed with other organic materials such as animal bedding. The overall
levels of some nutrients are lower, but the heat generated in the compost pile
and length of time exposed greatly reduces the likelihood of weed seed and
pathogens. This makes it a good choice
for use later in the spring.
Using manure is a good way to improve soil health and
increase plant yields while simultaneously “ recycling” animal waste. Paying attention to type, amount and timing
will provide you with the desired results and enable you to enjoy a bountiful
harvest. That is, as long as the bugs, fungus, etc. are under control, but that
is another story for another blog.
If you happen to notice the appearance of brown on the white
snow or muddy fields, or a less than pleasant odor while driving past the
farms, remember that it is a sign of spring and local fresh fruits and
vegetables are almost around the corner.
Resources
http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/fruit-vegetable/using-manure-and-compost/
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